RR ACADEMY: GK Notes

Crop Seasons in India

India is the top producer of many crops in the world. There can be many ways to divide the types of crops (based on area, season, economic value etc.). Based on seasons, the crops in India are divided into three types; Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.

Rabi Crops

Sown in October-November
Harvested in April-May.
Requires warm climate for germination of seeds and maturation and cold climate for the growth.
Example: Wheat, Oat, Gram, Pea, Barley, Potato, Tomato, Onion, Oil seeds (like Rapeseed, Sunflower, Sesame, Mustard) etc.

Zaid Crops

Grown between March-June between Rabi and Kharif crop seasons.
Early maturing crops.
Example: Cucumber, Bitter Gourd, Pumpkin, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Moong Dal etc.

Categories of Crops in India

The major crops can all be divided into four main categories depending on their usage.

Food Crops (Wheat, Maize, Rice, Millets and Pulses etc.)
Cash Crops (Sugarcane, Tobacco, Cotton, Jute and Oilseeds etc.)
Plantation Crops (Coffee, Coconut, Tea, and Rubber etc.)
Horticulture crops (Fruits and Vegetables)

Major Crops in India

Now let us look at the major crops in India in detail.

Rice

Rice is a tropical crop that can be grown almost throughout the year. It depends on atmospheric moisture and rainfall for irrigation. India is the 2nd largest producer of rice in the world. India has largest area in world under rice cultivation. Productivity is low compared to wheat because Green Revolution primarily boosted wheat production in India. The traditional rice fields are known as paddy fields and require to be flooded with 10-12 cm deep water in the early stages.

Type of Crop: Kharif, Rabi
Techniques Used: Transplantation technique, Japanese Transplantation technique, new SRI technique
Varieties: Aman, Sali, Afghani, Aus, Boro, Palua
Temperature: ∼ 24 0C
Rainfall: ∼ 150 cm
Soil type: Clay/ Loamy
Major Producers: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Haryana
Highest Producer: West Bengal
Highest per Hectare Yield: Punjab
Research Centres: Cuttack, Odisha
Highest Producing Country: C

Wheat

It is the 2nd most important food crop in India. It is a Rabi crop. India stands second in production of wheat worldwide. It is more flexible in terms of climactic and other conditions of growth.

Type of Crop: Rabi
Varieties: Kalyan Sona, Sonalika, Heera
Temperature: 17-20 °C
Rainfall: 20-100 cm (ideal ~75 cm)
Soil Type: Clay loam, Sandy loam
Major Producers: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttarakhand
Highest Producing State: Uttar Pradesh
Highest per Hectare Yield: Punjab
Research Centres: Karnal, Haryana
Highest Producing Country: China

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Cotton

Cotton is a tropical and subtropical Kharif crop. It is a fibre crop and is known as ‘White gold’. India ranks 3rd in the production of cotton worldwide. It is a dry crop but roots need timely supply of water at maturity.

Type of Crop: Kharif
Varieties: Long Staple, Medium Staple, Short Staple
Temperature: 21-30 °C
Rainfall: 50-100 cm
Soil Type: Black soil (Highly water retentive soil)
Major Producers: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa
Leading Producer: Gujarat (According to the 2015 report)
Research Centres: Nagpur, Maharashtra
Highest Producing Country: China

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Jute

Jute is a tropical plant that requires hot and humid climate. It is one of the most important natural fibres in terms of cultivation and usage. Almost 85% of the world’s jute is cultivated in the Ganges Delta.

Type of Crop: Zaid
Varieties: White Jute, Tossa Jute
Temperature: 24-35 °C.
Annual Rainfall: 125-200 cm.
Soil Type: Sandy and Clay Loam
Major Producers: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh
Largest Producer: West Bengal
Highest per Hectare Yield: West Bengal
Research Centres: Kolkata & Nilgunj, West Bengal
Highest Producing Country: India (but highest exporter is Bangladesh)

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Sugarcane

Sugarcane is an important cash crop. India stands at 2nd position among all countries in the world in its production. Sugarcane crop requires long rainy season of at least 7-8 months. Traditional Sugarcane Production was in North India but it has also shifted to South India. North India Sugarcane are of sub-tropical variety and so have low sugar content. Also sugar factories have to remain shut in winter seasons in North India. South India- Tropical Variety and coastal areas hence have high sugar content and high yield.

Type of Crop: Kharif, Rabi
Temperature: 20-26 °C
Rainfall: 75-150 cm
Soil type: Clayey Loamy Soil/ Black Cotton Soil/ Red Loamy Soil/ Brown Loamy Soil
Major Producers: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab
Largest Producer: Uttar Pradesh
Highest per Hectare Yield: Tamil Nadu
Research Centre: Lucknow
Highest Producing Country: Brazil

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Tea

Tea is an evergreen plant that mainly grows in tropical and subtropical climates. Tea is a labour intensive crop and 50% of the labourers are women. It grows faster under light shade. Commercial cultivation of tea started in India from British era. India is the 2nd largest producer and the largest consumer of tea in the world. Tea plants require high rainfall but its roots cannot tolerate water logging. Hence, it requires sloppy areas.

Temperature: 20-30 °C
Rainfall: 150-300 cm
Soil type: Loamy soil which is acidic in nature and rich in organic matter.
Major Producers: Assam, Darjeeling (West Bengal), Meghalaya, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Highest Producer: Assam
Research Centres: Tocklai, Assam
Highest Producing Country: China

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Coffee

Coffees are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade. Growing altitudes of coffee range between 1,000 to 1,500 m above sea level for Arabica (premier coffee), and 500 to 1,000 m for Robusta (lower quality). Both varieties are planted in well-drained soil conditions that favour rich organic matter. Coffee plantation is done along hilly slope. Slopes of Arabica tend to be gentle to moderate, while Robusta slopes are gentle to fairly level.

Varieties: Arabica and Robusta
Temperature: 16-28°C
Rainfall: 150-250 cm
Soil type: Well-drained forest loam
Major Producers: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland
Highest Producer: Karnataka
Highest Producing Country: Brazil

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Spices

India has been known for its spices since ancient times.

Cardamom (Queen of Aromatic Spices) – Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Pepper (King of Spices) – Kerala
Chillies – Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan
Turmeric – Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
Nutmeg – Kerala
Arecanut – Kerala, Karnataka, Tripura, Assam
Coconut – Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
Cinnamon – Kerala
Clove – Kerala
Ginger – Kerala, Meghalaya, Sikkim

Temperature: 10-30 °C
Rainfall: 200-300 cm
Soil type: Loamy soil/ Lateritic soil
Location: 1000-2000m altitude of Western Ghats and other hilly areas
Major Producers: Kerala, Karnataka,
Highest Producer: Kerala

Rabi Crops

Sown in October-November
Harvested in April-May.
Requires warm climate for germination of seeds and maturation and cold climate for the growth.
Example: Wheat, Oat, Gram, Pea, Barley, Potato, Tomato, Onion, Oil seeds (like Rapeseed, Sunflower, Sesame, Mustard) etc.

Zaid Crops

Grown between March-June between Rabi and Kharif crop seasons.
Early maturing crops.
Example: Cucumber, Bitter Gourd, Pumpkin, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Moong Dal etc.

Categories of Crops in India

The major crops can all be divided into four main categories depending on their usage.

Food Crops (Wheat, Maize, Rice, Millets and Pulses etc.)
Cash Crops (Sugarcane, Tobacco, Cotton, Jute and Oilseeds etc.)
Plantation Crops (Coffee, Coconut, Tea, and Rubber etc.)
Horticulture crops (Fruits and Vegetables)

Major Crops in India

Now let us look at the major crops in India in detail.

Rice

Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Wheat

It is the 2nd most important food crop in India. It is a Rabi crop. India stands second in production of wheat worldwide. It is more flexible in terms of climactic and other conditions of growth.

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Cotton

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Jute

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Sugarcane

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Tea

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Coffee

Image source: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Spices

India has been known for its spices since ancient times.

Factors Affecting Formation of Soil

Parent materials
Topography
Climate
Organisms
Time

Soil Horizon and Profile

Any soil is made of layers, also called horizons. Horizons put together, form a soil profile. Each profile tells a story about the life of the soil. There are generally six horizons that form the soil profile.

Minerals in Soil

There are two types of minerals present in the soil.

Primary MineralsMainly silicate minerals with varying proportion of Aluminum, Calcium, Sodium, Iron and Magnesium)

Secondary MineralsClay, Mineral Oxides etc.

Functions of Soil

Soil has four very important functions (apart from other usages)

As a base/medium for plant growth (essential for life in our ecosystem)
As a means of storage, supply and purification of water
As a modifier of Earth’s atmosphere
Providing natural habitat and basis for life.

Types of Soil in India

The soils of India has been classified depending on the how they are formed, their color, composition etc.

Alluvial Soil

These soils cover more than 40% of the total land area of the country.

Location: Mainly found in the northern plains and river valleys where the rivers deposit the sediments. In peninsular region, they are found in the coastal areas.
Structure: Alluvial soils are rich in phosphoric acid and organic matter but poor in potash. Alluviums are mainly loams, i.e. mixtures of sand and clay.
There are two types of alluvial soils:
1. Khadar Soils: This type is moisture retentive and sticky when wet. It is new soil and is very fertile. Khadar areas are prone to flooding that become available for agriculture when a river changes its course.
2. Bangar Soils: It is old soil and it is sandier and less fertile. Bangar areas are less prone to flooding.
Major crops: If proper irrigation is done, the alluvial soils yield good crops of sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, rice, wheat, jute, maize, oilseeds, vegetables and fruits.

Black Soil

These soils are black in color and are also called ‘Regur’. These soils cover around 16% of the total land area of the country.

Location: Black soils are generally found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Structure: These contain Lime, Potash, Magnesium, and Alumina but lack Phosphorous, Organic Matter etc. These are impermeable and develop wide cracks during dry season. This permits oxygenation of the soil to sufficient depths making it very fertile. They can also hold moisture very well.
Major Crops: Black soils are rich in chemical properties and very suitable for growth of cotton. So, they are also called black cotton soil. Other major crops are wheat, jowar, linseed, sunflower and millets etc. Rice and sugarcane are also grown where proper irrigation facilities are available.

Red and Yellow Soil

Red in color due to wide diffusion of iron in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Yellow color forms due to hydration. These soils are formed where rainfall is low. These soils are sandier and cannot retain moisture for longtime.

Location: Found in some parts of Deccan plateau, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Western Ghats etc.
Structure: They are rich in potash but lack lime, magnesium, humus etc.
Major Crops: These soils are very fertile in nature. Red soils work well with the proper use of fertilizers and irrigation. It give excellent yields of cotton, tobacco, oil seeds, wheat, rice, pulses, millets, potatoes and fruits.

Laterite Soil

These soils are formed in the areas with high temperature and high rainfall. High temperatures facilitates the decomposition of humus by Bacteria while high rainfall leaches silica and lime. As a result these soils become acidic and rich in aluminum and iron oxides. Laterite soils do not retain moisture.

Location: Found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam etc.
Structure: Poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium. These are generally acidic in nature.
Major Crops: This soil (not very fertile) is used in the cultivation of cotton, rice, wheat, pulses, tea, coffee, etc. This is also used in cashew-nut cultivation.
There are types of Laterite Soils based on their particles:
1. Deep Red Laterite: Have excess of iron oxide and potash but short of Kaolin (clay). Not fertile.
2. White Laterite: The color is due to excess of Kaolin. These soils lose fertility very quickly.
3. Underground Laterite: The upper parts are dissolved especially in iron which settles down below the upper layer. This makes the soils fertile.
Other uses: It is useful for making bricks because of presence of huge amount of iron.

Arid Soil

These soils are sandy and have low clay content. Due to high evaporation in arid regions, the soils become deficient of humus and moisture. However, proper irrigation results in fairly good crop yields. The color of this soil ranges from red to brown and light brown.

Location: The region west of the Aravalli has arid soils.
Structure: Saline in nature due to the high salt content. Poor in nitrogen but rich in plant food. Lack moisture and humus.
Major Crops: Mainly drought resistant and salt tolerant crops such as barley, rape, cotton, wheat, millets, maize and pulses are grown.

Forest and Mountain Soils

This soil occupies about 9% of the total land area of India. These soils are formed by the deposition of organic matter derived from forest growth.

Location: These soils are found mainly in Himalayan region, Western and Eastern Ghats as well as in some parts of the peninsular plateau.
Structure: These soils are rich in humus but are deficient in potash, phosphorus and lime. Therefore, they need fertilizers for good yields.
Major Crops: Good for plantations of tea, spices, coffee and tropical fruits in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala and wheat, maize, barley and temperate fruits in Himachal Pradesh, J&K and Uttaranchal.

Saline and Alkaline Soils

These soils are known by different names such as Reh, Kallar, Usar, Thur, Rakar, Karl and Chopan.

Structure: Some rock and mineral fragments liberate sodium, magnesium, calcium salts and sulfurous acid on weathering. These salts are transported by rivers and subsequently in to the lower soils. These salts are then transferred from lower layers to the top soil layer due to evaporation.
Location: These soils are mainly found in AP and Karnataka. These are also found in drier parts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
Major Crops: Accumulation of the salts makes the soil infertile and renders it unfit for agriculture.

Peaty and Marshy Soils

Peaty and Marshy soils are formed in humid regions as a result of deposition of huge amounts of organic matter in the soils under waterlogged conditions. The peaty soils are black and heavy.

Peaty Soils: Highly salty and rich in organic matters. But, they are deficient in potash and phosphate. Mainly found in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of Kerala where it is called Kari.

Marshy Soils: Result of water-logging and the presence of iron and varying amount of organic matter. These are found in the coastal areas of Orissa and Tamil Nadu, Sundarbans of West Bengal, in Bihar and Almora district of Uttaranchal.

Top crops: These soils are generally covered with water during the monsoon and they are used for rice cultivation as soon as the monsoon passes.

What is Soil Erosion?

Washing or blowing away of the top layer of the soil is called soil erosion. Top layer of soil is the most fertile because it contains the most organic, nutrient-rich materials. Soil erosion is caused by natural factors like rain, water, ice etc. or manual factors such as ploughing of the field. But it is also caused by man-made factors.

Common Man-Made Reasons for Soil Erosion

Shifting cultivation
Deforestation
Overgrazing
Jhum cultivation etc.

Impact of Soil Erosion

Reduces the capacity of soil to hold water.
Lower layers generally contain fewer nutrients than top layer, hence, soil erosion contributes to loss of nutrients.
Water infiltration is reduced, which makes it harder for the seedlings to break through the soil crust.
Erosion does not remove topsoil uniformly over the surface of a field, which makes it impossible for a farmer to apply fertilizers and chemicals uniformly and obtain uniform results.

Soil Conservation

Soil Conservation is the effort to protect soil from erosion. The Government of India has set up the Central Soil Conservation Board to take care of this issue and make some plans to control soil erosion. Some measures that have been in practice to protect the soil erosion are:

Afforestation
Checking overgrazing
Changing agriculture practices

India has a myriad, vast and incredible pool of cultural heritage, historical temples and monuments. Indian Temples and Monuments give India an admirable identity as they showcase the skill, devotion, dedication, valour and brilliance of our artists and are also the bearers of various astonishing fables that are being passed from generation to generations. Nowadays in exams like SSC CGL, SSC CPO, LIC AO, SSC CHSL & other exams lot of questions based on Historical Temples and Monuments in India are frequently asked.

Most of the questions are based on the place, year, creators & significance of all the famous and historical temples and monuments in India. To help you get a quick access to them we are providing you with a list of Famous Historical Temples and Monuments.

#1. Historical Temples and Monuments – List for SSC Exams

Indian has many ancient temples and monuments which are majestic in structure. Let’s quickly have a look at some of the famous and historical temples and monuments one by one.

Famous Historical Temples in India

In every corner of India you would find a place to worship be it of any religion. Considering the long list of temples in India, it is impossible to list all but here are a list of all important and famous historical temples in India for SSC exams.

Temple	Year	Place	Built By	Significance
Virupaksha Temple	7th century	Hampi, Karnataka	QueenLokhama- hadevi	(1) Dedicated to Lord Shiva.(2) Famous for tall gopuram, grand architecture & intricate carvings. (3) UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Meenakshi Temple	1623- 1655 CE	Madurai Tamil Nadu	Vishwanantha Nayakar	(1) Dedicated to Goddess Parvati & Lord Shiva. (2) Was on the list of top 30 nominees for “New 7 Wonders of the World.”(3) Rebuilt in 16thCentury by Nayak ruler Vishwanantha Nayakar
Ramanatha swamy Temple	7th– 8th century	Rameshwaram Island, Tamil Nadu	Pandya & Jaffna Kings	(1) One of the 12 Jyotirlinga temples of the country. (2) One of the char dhams.(3) Has one of the longest corridorsamong other Indian temples.
Suchindram Temple	17th century	Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu	Nambudiri Brahmins	(1) Legends of Anasuya & Ahalyaare attached to it. (2) Has 4 musical pillars, the hanging pillar & the single Linga
Vitthala Temple	15th century	Hampi, Karnataka	King Devaraya II	(1) Dedicated to Lord Vishnu (2) Also known as Shri Vijaya Vitthala Temple.(3) It’s said that the pillars emit musical notes when played in a certain manner.
Brihadeshwara Temple	11th century	Thanjavur, Tamilnandu	Raja Raja Chola I	(1) Dedicated to Lord Shiva UNESCO World Heritage Site(2) It is 1007 years old.
Airavateswara Temple	12th century	Darasuram	Rajaraja Chola II	(1) Dedicated to Lord Shiva (2) Famous for its exquisite stone carvingsUNESCO World Heritage site
Venkateswara Temple	300 AD	Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh	King Thondaiman	(1) Dedicated to Lord Vishnu (2) Known as Tirupati Balaji temple(3) One of the richest temples of the world.
Kashi Vishwanath	1780	Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh	Ahilya Bai	(1) Dedicated to Lord Shiva (2) One of the holiest temples of India.
Lord Jagannath Temple	1611	Puri, Odisha	Indrady- umna	(1) Dedicated to Lord Krishna (2) Popular for its annual Rath Yatra(3) Non-Hindus cannot enter the premises
Vaishno Devi Temple	–	Jammu	–	(1) 2nd most visited temple in the India
Somnath	–	Gujarat	Moon God	(1) Dedicated to Lord Shiva (2) One of the oldest TempleMahmud of Ghazni first looted the temple
Shirdi Sai Baba Temple	1922	Shirdi, Maharashtra	–	Third richest temple of India
Badrinath	9th century C.E	Uttarakhand	Adi Shankara	(1) Dedicated to Lord Vishnu (2) It is also one of the 4 Chota Char Dham
Kedarnath	8th century	Garhwal area Uttarakhand	Pandavas	Dedicated to Lord Shiva
Konark Sun Temple	13th century	Odisha	Narasimha deva	Dedicated to God Sun
Sanchi Stupa	3rd century BC	Raisen, Madhya Pradesh	Asoka	(1) Known as the Great Stupa. (2) Holy place of Buddhist(3) UNESCO World Heritage Site. (4) Has 4 intricately designed gateways symbolising the 4 emotions of love, peace, courage and trust(5) Stupa is 16 meters high & 37 meters in diameter.
Siddhivinayak Temple	18th century	Prabha Devi, Mumbai	–	(1) Dedicated to Lord Ganesha (2) The inner roof of the temple complex is plated with gold
The Golden Temple	1577	Amritsar, Punjab	Guru Ram Das	(1) “The Adhi Granth”was compiled & enshrined here for the 1st time.
Mahabodhi Temple	3rd century B.C	Bihar	Ashoka	(1) Lord Buddha attained enlightenment here. (2) A UNESCO World Heritage Site
Kamakhya Temple	8th-17th century	‎Nilachal Hill, Guwahati	–	(1) Dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya(2) Oldest important pilgrimage for the Tantric Worshippers(3) Oldest of the 51 Shakti Pithas
Amarnath Cave Temple	–	Jammu and Kashmir	Natural formation	(1) Around 5000 years old(2) Located at an altitude of 3,888 meters
Yamunotri Temple	19th century	Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand	Maharani Gularia	(1) Dedicated to Yamuna River (2) Part of Char Dham Yatra(3) Opens up on the day of Akshaya Tritiya& closes the day after Diwali
Gangotri Temple	18th century	Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand	Amar Singh Thapa	(1) Dedicated to Ganga River (2) A partially submerged Shivaling lying along the temple in the waters of Bhagirathi signifies the place where God Shiva entangled Ganga in his hair.

Famous Historical Monuments in India

The kings and emperors of India had their own way of expressing their ideas in bricks, marbles and stones. Therefore Indian monuments are popular worldwide for their beauty. Indian monuments also tells you about a lot of history and the culture. So here is a list of all the famous and historical monuments of India.

Monument	Year	Place	Built by	Significance
India Gate	1921	Rajpath Marg, New delhi	Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens	(1) Also known as All India War Memorial. (2) Built in memory of Indian soldiers who lost their lives in First World War.
Red Fort	1638 1648	Old delhi	Shah Jahan	(1) Originally known as Qila-e-Mubarak(2) Was actually white as it was made of limestone.
Taj Mahal	1653	Agra Uttar Pradesh	Shah Jahan	Finest example of Mughal architecture
Agra Fort	11th Century	Agra, Uttar Pradesh	Mughals	(1) Was epicentre of power & was used to command entire India. (2) Originally called Badalgarh, held by Raja Badal Singh. (3) All Mughal Emperors have contributed in its making. (4) UNESCO World Heritage site
Buland Darwaza	1576 AD	Dadupura, Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh	Akbar	(1) Highest entrance gate of its kind in the entire world.(2) Built at the main entrance of Fatehpur Sikri.(3) 42 stepsare to be climbed to reach main platform.
Char Minar	1591	Hyderabad	Md. Quli Qutub Shah	Mosque built to commemorate eradication of deadly plague
Fatehpur Sikri	1569	Agra	Akbar	(1) Served as Mughal Capital from 1571-1589. (2) Original name – Fatehabad. (3) Built to commemorate & safeguard the victories against Rajaput Kings.
Gol Gumbaz	1626-1656	Jadar Galli, Vijayapura, Karnataka	Md Adil Shah	(1) Tomb of Adil Shah & his two wives. (2) Has a ‘whispering gallery’, even the slightest of sound can be heard.
Hawa Mahal	1799	Jaipur, Rajashthan	Sawai Raja Pratbh Singh	(1) 5 storyed building with 953 windows. (2) The unique feature is its air conditioning effect.
Jantar Mantar	1724-1736	Mathura, New Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi, Jaipur	Maharaja Jai Singh II	(1) Jantar Mantar of Jaipur – largest stone Sun dial. (2) These were astronomical observatories
Qutub Minar	1193 AD	Maharauli Delhi	Qutub-ud -din-Aibak	(1) World’s Largest Brick Minaret. (2) Total height is 73 meters. (3) Total number of stairs is 379
Humayun’s Tomb	1572	Delhi	Bigga Begum	1st garden tomb built in India
Elephanta Caves	5th – 8th Century AD	Mumbai, Maharashtra	Rashtrakuta Kings	Sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island.
Ellora Caves	600 1000 AD	Aurangabad, Maharashtra	Rashtrakutas built Hindu & Buddhist Caves. Yadav Dynasty built Jain caves	These Jain caves are testimony to the fact that the 3 religions Hinduism, Jainism & Buddhism are one
Ajanta Caves	2nd – 6th Century AD	Aurangabad, Maharashtra	Gupta Kings	(1) Each rock carving was done by hand. Sculptures & paintings epitomise Buddha & various Jataka tales.(2) UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Khajurao Temples	950-1050 AD	Madhya Pradesh	Chandela Dynasty	(1) Famous for their architecture & style along with symbolism & their erotic sculptures. (2) Perfect mix of Hinduism & Jainism
Champaner Pavagadh Archaeological Park	18th-14th Century	Panchamahal Gujarat	Mahmud Begada	The park includes archaeological, historic and cultural heritage monuments such as chalcolithic sites, a hill fortress of an early Hindu capital and remains of the 16th-century capital of Gujarat.
Jama Masjid	1656 AD	Central Delhi	Shah Jahan	Largest Mosque in India
Gateway of India	1924	Mumbai	–	Referred to as Taj Mahal of Mumbai
Lake Palace	1743-1746	Lake Pichola, Udaipur	Maharana Jagat Singh II	Now a museum that has all the royal pictures, clothing and art facts of the Wodeyar dynasty
Mysore Palace	1897	Mysore	Rajarshi Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV	Also known as Amba Vilas PalacePalace is a 3-storey stone structure made with fine granite, grey in color, having deep pink marble stones atop a 5-storey tower.
Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus	1888	Mumbai, Maharashtra	–	(1) Was known as VictoriaTerminus (2) World Heritage site.(3) Busiest Railway Station in India
Mehrangarh Mahal	1460	Jodhpur, Rajasthan	Rao Jodha	(1) One of the largest forts in India. (2) One of the well stocked Museums in India.
Bahai Temple	1986	Delhi	Flint & Neill	(1) Also known as Lotus Temple. (2) It is a place of worship for every religion & place for meditation.
Jaisalmer Fort	1156 AD	Jaisalmer	Rawal Jaisal	(1) Largest fully preserved fortified cities in the world(2) Fort stands amidst the sandy expanse of Thar Desert
Kumbhalgarh Fort	15th century	Rajsamand Rajasthan	Kumbha of Mewar	(1) Second most important hill fort(2) World Heritage Site(3) Known as Great Wall of India
Bara Imambara	1784	Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh	Asaf-ud Daula,	Grandest buildings including a step, gateways, minar, mosque and bhul bhulaiya.
Golconda Fort	1600	Hyderabad	Kakatiya Dynasty	Known as the Diamond of Kollur Mine including gateways, drawbridges, temples, mosques & semicircular bastions.
Basilica of Bom Jesus	1605	Goa	–	(1) Oldest churches in India. (2) World Heritage Site
Rani ki Rav	11th century AD	Gujarat	Queen Udayamati	(1) Massive structure that is around 24 meters deep.(2) As a memoriam for King Bhimdev of Solanki dynasty.

Now that you have gone through the list of all the famous & historical temples and monuments in India. You can also visit the following articles to acquire more knowledge in order to prepare well for the GK section of SSC as well as other exams.

List of Famous Sites in India

Below is the list of Famous Sites in India along with their respective locations.

Site	Location
Jama Masjid	Delhi
Qutub Minar	Delhi
India Gate	Delhi
Red Fort	Delhi
Rashtrapati Bhawan	Delhi
Raj Ghat	Delhi
Humayun Tomb	Delhi
Shanti Van	Delhi
Lotus Temple	Delhi
Lodhi Gardens	Delhi
Jantar Mantar	Delhi
Ajanta Caves	Maharashtra
Ellora Caves	Maharashtra
Elephanta Caves	Maharashtra
Gateway of India	Mumbai
Hanging Garden	Mumbai
Malabar Hills	Maharashtra
Tower of Silence	Maharashtra
Taj Mahal	Agra
Akbar’s Tomb	Agra
Amarnath Cave	Kashmir
Dal lake	Srinagar
Shalimar Bagh	Jammu and Kashmir
Vaishno Devi	Jammu and Kashmir
Shahi Chashma	Jammu and Kashmir
Victoria Memorial	Kolkata
Birla Planetarium	Kolkata
Fort William	Kolkata
Nakhoda Masjid	Kolkata
St paul’s Cathedral	Kolkata
Tipu sultan Mosque	Kolkata
Howrah Bridge	Kolkata
Botanical Garden	Kolkata
Indian Museum	Kolkata
Jagannath Temple	Puri, Odisha
Chilka Lake	Odisha
Black pagoda/ Sun Temple	Konark, Odisha
Lingaraj Temple	Odisha
Ambar Palace	Jaipur
Nahargarh Fort	Jaipur
City Palace	Jaipur
Hawa Mahal	Jaipur
Jaigarh Fort	Jaipur
Birla Mandir	Jaipur
Jal Mahal	Jaipur
Albert Hall Museum	Jaipur
Island Palace	Udaipur
Junagarh Fort	Bikaner
Pushkar Lake	Ajmer
Ajmer Sharif Dargah	Ajmer
Jaisalmer Fort	Rajasthan
Monsoon Palace	Kodiyat, Rajasthan
Tower of Victory	Chittorhgarh, Rajasthan
Dilwara Temple	Rajasthan
Tower of Fame	Rajasthan
Amer Fort	Jaipur
Mehrangarh Fort	Jodhpur
Pichola Lake	Udaipur
Golden Temple	Amritsar
Buland Darwaza	Uttar Pradesh
Panch Mahal	Uttar Pradesh
Benaras Ghat	Uttar Pradesh
Gwalior Fort	Madhya Pradesh
Marble Rocks	Madhya Pradesh
Lal bagh Garden	Karnataka
Brindaban Garden	Karnataka
Gol Gumbaj	Karnataka
Coorg	Karnataka
Mysore palace	Karnataka
Statue of Gomateshwara	Karnataka
Brindaban Garden	Karnataka
Minakshi Temple	Tamil Nadu
Marina Beach	Tamil Nadu
Brihadeeshwara Temple	Tamil Nadu
Char Minar	Hyderabad
Golkonda	Hyderabad
Birla Mandir	Hyderabad
Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala	Andhra Pradesh
Jain temple	Gujarat
Great Rann of Kutch	Gujarat
Padmanabhaswamy Temple	Kerala
Vembanad Lake	Kerala

Maths

GK Notes

Crop Seasons in India

Rabi Crops

Zaid Crops

Categories of Crops in India

Major Crops in India

Rice

Wheat

Cotton

Jute

Sugarcane

Tea

Coffee

Spices

Rabi Crops

Zaid Crops

Categories of Crops in India

Major Crops in India

Rice

Wheat

Cotton

Jute

Sugarcane

Tea

Coffee

Spices

Factors Affecting Formation of Soil

Soil Horizon and Profile

Minerals in Soil

Functions of Soil

Types of Soil in India

Alluvial Soil

Black Soil

Red and Yellow Soil

Laterite Soil

Arid Soil

Forest and Mountain Soils

Saline and Alkaline Soils

Peaty and Marshy Soils

What is Soil Erosion?

Common Man-Made Reasons for Soil Erosion

Impact of Soil Erosion

Soil Conservation

#1. Historical Temples and Monuments – List for SSC Exams

Famous Historical Temples in India

Famous Historical Monuments in India

List of Famous Sites in India

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